Jazz (2019-09-16)

DDEX Data Dictionary for Allowed Value Sets, 2019-09-16

Jazz

Wide-ranging genre characterized by the use of swung rhythms, blue notes, polyrhythms, and particularly, extensive improvisation. It incorporates a wide range of influences, from blues, ragtime, and classical music (particularly that of Impressionist composers such as Debussy), to spirituals and West African cultural and musical traditions. It first emerged as the Dixieland style of music among the African-American communities of New Orleans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Throughout the 20th century, it developed stylistically across the entire United States, from Kansas City to New York City.

Relationships
Parents	MusicalWork	A Work intended to be perceivable as a combination of sounds, with or without accompanying text.
Children	AcidJazz	Constitutes the fusing of Jazz aesthetics and chord structures with funk and hip-hop styles. It frequently utilizes looped rhythms and other forms of electric instrumentation. Acid Jazz may be performed by a band or DJ.
	AfricanJazz	As played in Africa by African musicians.
	AvantGardeJazz	Experimental fringes of jazz.
	Bebop	Sophisticated, progressive style of jazz that emerged in the mid-1940s, pushed by major players such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. It grew out of trends toward greater harmonic sophistication and emphasis on the solos in swing music that became apparent in the mid-1930s. Bebop is characterized by fast tempos, complex harmonic progressions with quick chord changes and frequent key changes, and virtuosic improvisation.
	BossaNova	Fusion of samba and jazz that emerged in Brazil in the late 1950s. Makes heavy use of a modified clave rhythm, and often prominently features nylon-string classical guitar accompaniment.
	BritishDanceBand	[missing definition]
	CapeJazz	Jazz music played by South African musicians. The name is a reference to Cape Town, South Africa, where the South African jazz scene first took off.
	CoolJazz	Named for relaxed tempos, gentle tones, and smooth harmonies. Emerged commercially on Miles Davis's Birth of the Cool, and soon became a particularly popular style among white jazz players. Arrangements and compositions were of great importance, occasionally hinting at classical and swing influences.
	Dixieland	Earliest form of music typically referred to as jazz. Evolved in New Orleans in the early years of the 20th century as a mixture of ragtime, blues, marches, and other styles of African and European-influenced music prevalent in the region at the time. A standard Dixieland band consists of a front line of melodic instruments, typically including a trumpet or cornet, trombone, and clarinet, along with a rhythm section that includes a guitar or banjo, a tuba or string bass, a piano, and drums. One front line instrument, usually the trumpet or cornet, plays the lead melody, while the other front line instruments improvise around the melody, which results in a relatively polyphonic sound compared to most subsequent styles of jazz.
	EthiopianJazz	Jazz music played by Ethiopian musicians. Mulatu Astatke is the progenitor of and primary representative of Ethiopian jazz. Ethiopian jazz contains distinctly Ethiopian melodic elements.
	FreeJazz	Infused with the radical politics of the 1960s, Free Jazz musicians strayed from chord structures, instead focusing on short themes and a near complete autonomy of improvisation. Highly experimental and usually atonal, Free Jazz constitutes one of the most controversial sub-genres in Jazz.
	GypsyJazz	Typically played by small ensembles which often prominently feature distinctive guitar playing. Fast-paced, and uses the feel of swing music, with emphasis on the 2nd and 4th beats of a measure. Developed by Romani guitarist Django Reinhardt and other Romani and French musicians based in and around Paris in the 1930s.
	HardBop	Combination of bebop and contemporary rhythm and blues. Soulful and bluesy. Emerged in the United States in the mid-1950s. Standout albums include Miles Davis’s Walkin' and Sonny Rollins’s Saxophone Colossus.
	JazzBlues	Blues chord progressions with jazz instrumentation and improvisational stylings. Other aspects of these genres (i.e. blues riffs, jazz chord substitutions) are regularly employed.
	JazzFunk	With the popularization of Funk music a sub-genre amalgamation of funk and jazz was inevitable. Jazz Funk pulls from funk, soul, R&B and Jazz-- it is a primary form of Fusion. It is one of the first styles of Jazz to incorporate synthesizers.
	JazzFusion	Various mixtures of jazz with other popular styles.
	JazzPop	Post-heyday styles of jazz with mainstream appeal.
	JazzRock	Fusion of jazz and rock. Electric instruments, distortion and effects, and jazz-like virtuosic improvisation.
	LatinJazz	Latin rhythms and instruments mixed into jazz's format. Typically straight, not swung.
	ModalJazz	Utilizes modal tonalities rather than the standard functional chord progressions typical of most other styles of jazz. Characterized by slow-moving harmonic rhythm, with single chords often lasting for many measures. Developed in the late 1950s, largely due to the significant influence of composer George Russell and his book Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization, published in 1953.
	ModernCreative	Modern Creative serves as a highly experimental and fusion-based take on progressive jazz. It usually applies the stylistic conceits of older jazz genres-- be it bop, free or traditional-- with more contemporary genres like rock, pop or funk. It may be structured or free, and arrangements may vary.
	ModernJazz	Oriented more toward listening than dancing. An intellectual and artistic evolution in jazz. Generally thought to have emerged as a phenomenon in the mid-1940s with bebop and musicians such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie.
	PostBop	Complex style – modal jazz meets bebop. Not as far out as free jazz, but definitely further out than bebop or hard bop. Features free forms, tempi, and meters, as well as shifting styles. Usually performed by a small combo. Typified by Miles Davis’s second quintet and its albums such as E.S.P. and Miles Smiles.
	SmoothJazz	Stemming from the evolution of Fusion in the 1970s, Smooth Jazz highlighted the more polished and gentle side of the then-nascent genre. It subdues improvisation for the sake of groove and rhythm, and is usually characterized by slow tempos and flowing melodies. It utilizes electronic instruments and pulls together strands of Funk, R&B and Jazz.
	SoulJazz	An antecedent of the Jazz Funk movement of the 1970s and heavily influenced by Blues, Gospel & R&B, Soul Jazz was mostly performed by organ or piano based combos and was thematically focused around deep rhythmic grooves and melodic ostinatos.
	Swing	Developed out of earlier forms of jazz such as Dixieland. Swing music incorporated written arrangements to better suit large ensembles (as opposed to Dixieland which relied massively on improvisation). Melodic improvisation only occurs during a solo, and not during the entire duration of the song as in Dixieland. Swing soloists are more inclined to show restraint than soloists in earlier Dixieland music and later styles of jazz such as bebop.
	SwingRevival	A style of music that emerged in the 1990s that resuscitated Swing and Jump Blues, and combined them with Rockabilly and Rock music. Retro Swing bands usually feature a small horn section along with a typical pop/rock ensemble.
	TraditionalJazz	Earliest incarnations of jazz music.
	TraditionalPop	Jazzy pre-rock pop music. Associated with the repertoire of the 'Great American Songbook' and with performers such as Billie Holiday, Frank Sinatra, Rosemary Clooney, and Nat King Cole.
Belongs to AVS	avs:ClassifiedGenre	A Type of genre.